¿Sienten los animales? / Do animals feel?

Resumen: La visión antropocéntrica del ser humano ha llevado a la explotación de animales para satisfacer sus necesidades, tanto primarias (como la alimentación) como secundarias (como el entretenimiento), sin preocuparse por su sufrimiento o bienestar. Sin embargo, las teorías de la evolución de Lamarck y Darwin borraron la dicotomía humano-animal y colocaron al primero como una especie más dentro de toda la diversidad biológica. Hans Jonas afirmó que las diferencias entre los humanos y los otros animales estaban en el grado de complejidad y no en las capacidades, contribuyendo a la idea de una continuidad biológica desde un origen común. La similitud anatomofisiológica, la presencia de mediadores químicos de dolor, los cambios bioquímicos y fisiológicos ante situaciones dolorosas, además de la respuesta favorable al uso de medicamentos analgésicos, demuestran que los demás animales sienten dolor y padecen sufrimiento. La Declaración de Cambridge sobre la consciencia destaca que no es necesario poseer neocórtex para ser considerado como sintiente, lo que ha llevado a analizar esta capacidad, inclusive, en muchos invertebrados. ¿Los animales sienten? Invariablemente la respuesta es sí. Es importante tener consideración de ello para evitar su sufrimiento, tal y como se propone en la teoría sensocéntrica de Peter Singer, en caso contrario, podríamos ser señalados de discriminación, que, por estar asociada a la pertenencia a una especie biológica, se denomina especismo.

Abstract: The anthropocentric view of life has led to the exploitation of animals to satisfy the human needs, primary (such as food) and secondary (such as entertainment), without regard for their suffering or well-being. However, Lamarck's and Darwin's theories of evolution erased the dichotomy between human and animal, placing the former as just another species within the entire biological diversity of life. Hans Jonas asserted that the differences between humans and other animals lie in the degree of complexity and not in capabilities, contributing to the idea of biological continuity from a common origin. The anatomic and physiological similarities, the presence of chemical pain mediators, the biochemical and physiological changes in painful situations, as well as the positive response to the use of analgesic medications, demonstrate that other animals feel pain and suffer. The Cambridge Declaration on consciousness emphasizes that it is not necessary to possess a neocortex to be considered sentient, which has led to the analysis of this capacity even in many invertebrates. Do animals feel? Invariably the answer is yes. It is important to consider this to avoid their suffering, as proposed in Peter Singer's sensocentrism theory. Otherwise, we could be accused of discrimination, which, based on species membership, is called speciesism.

A Glimpse into Chilean Veterinary Anatomy Educators / Un Vistazo a los Educadores de Anatomía Veterinaria Chilenos

SUMMARY: In veterinary medicine, impressive technological advances in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology have led to a reduction in the amount of time spent teaching anatomy and a shift toward anatomical research. As classically trained veterinary anatomists began to retire at the beginning of the 2000s, it became evident that there would be a shortage of qualified anatomists. This coincides with the increase in the hiring of recent graduates with general education experience and no specialization in the area. The aim of the study is to characterize the Chilean veterinary anatomy educator with an emphasis on their training and the academic environment they work in. Data were collected through a survey targeting a diverse population of university educators who teach content related to veterinary anatomy in Chile. The results showed that the Chilean veterinary anatomist has reached the master's level, with a wide range of continuous training experiences, from which it is perceived that he has acquired his anatomical and teaching skills. Furthermore, despite his self-perception as an educator/researcher, the evidence showed that research in veterinary anatomy is still in its infancy. However, strengths were identified related to the varied use of teaching resources, participation in the community and the dissemination of anatomical knowledge.

En medicina veterinaria, los impresionantes avances tecnológicos en bioquímica, genética y biología molecular han llevado a una reducción en la cantidad de tiempo dedicado a la enseñanza de la anatomía y un cambio hacia la investigación anatómica. Cuando los anatomistas veterinarios de formación clásica comenzaron a jubilarse a principios de la década de 2000, se hizo evidente que habría escasez de anatomistas cualificados. Esto coincide con el incremento en la contratación de recién egresados con experiencia en educación general y sin especialización en el área (licenciados, tesistas, etc.). El objetivo del estudio es caracterizar al educador de anatomía veterinaria chileno con énfasis en su formación y el ambiente académico en el que se desempeña. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de una encuesta dirigida a una población diversa de docentes universitarios que imparten contenidos relacionados con la anatomía veterinaria en Chile. Los resultados muestran que el anatomista veterinario chileno ha alcanzado el nivel de maestría, con una amplia gama de experiencias de formación continua, a partir de las cuales se infiere que ha adquirido sus competencias anatómicas y docentes. A pesar de su autopercepción como educador/investigador, la evidencia demostró que la investigación en anatomía veterinaria aún se encuentra en ciernes. No obstante, se identificaron fortalezas en actividades relacionadas con el uso variado de recursos didácticos, la participación en la comunidad y la difusión del conociminto.

Seroprevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii en estudiantes con riesgo ocupacional / Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in students with occupational risk

INTRODUCCIÓN: La toxoplasmosis es una enfermedad zoonótica cuyo contagio se produce por vía oral por ingestión de quistes al consumir carne contaminada o al tener contacto con heces de felinos contaminadas con ooquistes. Con menor frecuencia, se adquiere por transmisión vertical o por trasplante de órganos infectados. En Chile, existen estudios serológicos en personas sanas e inmunodeprimidas, pero no en grupos de riesgo ocupacional, como son los estudiantes de Medicina Veterinaria. OBJETIVO: Determinar la seroprevalencia para T. gondii en estudiantes de Medicina Veterinaria de una universidad ubicada en el centro-sur del país, y ver su asociación con variable intrínsecas. MÉTODOS. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a 74 estudiantes de una universidad del centro-sur de Chile. Se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos específicos clase IgG contra Toxoplasma gondii mediante la técnica de inmunoanálisis por quimioluminiscencia en fase solida secuencial. RESULTADOS. Del total de alumnos, 16 fueron seropositivos lo que equivale a 21,6%, el mayor número de estudiantes seropositivos fue de sexo femenino (75%), se encontraban en el rango etario entre 24 y 26 años de edad (43,7%), todos consumían carne y verduras (100%) y realizaban la recolección de heces de gatos sin protección 50 (68,7%). CONCLUSIONES. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la presencia de anticuerpos contra T. gondii en alumnos de Medicina Veterinaria. Según el conocimiento de los autores, es el primer estudio serológico para toxoplasmosis realizado en estudiantes universitarios de Medicina Veterinaria en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is a disease that results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, one of the world's most common parasites. The zoonotic infection usually occurs by eating undercooked contaminated meat or by contact with contaminated cat feces. A few studies of toxoplasmosis in healthy and immuno-compromised persons were done in Chile, but investigations related to occupational risk groups, such as Veterinary Medicine students were not studied. AIM: Determine the seroprevalence for T. gondii in Veterinary Medicine students at a university located in the center-south of the country, and evaluated to association with intrinsic variables. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were taken from 74 veterinary students from a university in south-central Chile. Immunoassay with sequential chemiluminescent was used as diagnostic technique. RESULTS. Of the total number of students, 16 were seropositive, which is equivalent to 21.6%, the largest number of seropositive students was female (75%), they were in the age range between 24 and 26 years of age (43.7%), all consumed meat and vegetables (100%) and collected pet cat feces without protection 50 (68,7%). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show the presence of antibodies against T. gondii in Veterinary Medicine students. To the authors' knowledge, it is the first serological study for toxoplasmosis performed in university students of Veterinary Medicine in Chile.

COVID-19 and zoonoses in Brazil: Environmental scan of one health preparedness and response.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced the central role of the One Health (OH) approach, as a multisectoral and multidisciplinary perspective, to tackle health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. This study assessed Brazilian preparedness and response to COVID-19 and zoonoses with a focus on the OH approach and equity dimensions. We conducted an environmental scan using a protocol developed as part of a multi-country study. The article selection process resulted in 45 documents: 79 files and 112 references on OH; 41 files and 81 references on equity. The OH and equity aspects are poorly represented in the official documents regarding the COVID-19 response, either at the federal and state levels. Brazil has a governance infrastructure that allows for the response to infectious diseases, including zoonoses, as well as the fight against antimicrobial resistance through the OH approach. However, the response to the pandemic did not fully utilize the resources of the Brazilian state, due to the lack of central coordination and articulation among the sectors involved. Brazil is considered an area of high risk for emergence of zoonoses mainly due to climate change, large-scale deforestation and urbanization, high wildlife biodiversity, wide dry frontier, and poor control of wild animals' traffic. Therefore, encouraging existing mechanisms for collaboration across sectors and disciplines, with the inclusion of vulnerable populations, is required for making a multisectoral OH approach successful in the country.

[Outcome of a survey on antibiotic prescribing in veterinary medicine]. / Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur ­Verschreibung von Antibiotika in der ­Veterinärmedizin.

INTRODUCTION: As part of the national strategy on antibiotic resistance (StAR), a therapy guide for the prudent prescription of antimicrobial agents in animals was developed. To facilitate its implementation in the veterinary practice, the therapy recommendations contained therein have been translated to the user-friendly decision support AntibioticScout.ch. In this context, we conducted a non-representative survey to assess the level of awareness as well as usage of this guide and the AntibioticScout.ch decision support. Based on case studies with typical diseases in dogs, cats and cattle, it was shown that the veterinarians participating in the survey strive to handle antibiotics responsibly and to prescribe them with restraint. Nevertheless, the survey points to possible improvements in the antibiotic therapy. In particular, the StAR guidelines or AntibioticScout.ch can be useful to the practicing veterinarians for taking into account all relevant decision criteria in the optimal selection of a suitable antimicrobial agent.

INTRODUCTION: Dans le cadre de la stratégie nationale de résistance aux antibiotiques (StAR), un guide thérapeutique pour la prescription prudente d'agents antimicrobiens chez les animaux a été élaboré. Pour faciliter son application dans la pratique vétérinaire, les recommandations thérapeutiques qu'il contient ont été transférées dans l'aide à la décision conviviale en-ligne AntibioticScout.ch. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené une enquête non représentative pour évaluer le niveau de connaissance et l'utilisation de ce guide de l'aide à la decision AntibioticScout.ch. Sur la base d'études de cas portant sur des maladies typiques des chiens, des chats et des bovins, il a été démontré que les vétérinaires participant à l'enquête s'efforcent d' utiliser les antibiotiques de manière responsable et de les prescrire avec modération. Néanmoins, l'enquête met en évidence les améliorations possibles de la thérapie antibiotique. Le guide thérapeutique StAR ou AntibioticScout.ch peut être particulièrement utile à la profession vétérinaire pour prendre en compte tous les critères de décision pertinents dans la sélection optimale d'un agent antimicrobien approprié.

Vaccination principles for dogs and cats in animal shelters / Princípios da vacinação de cães e gatos em abrigos

Animal shelters are places with a high risk of exposure to infectious diseases due to the high density, population dynamics of the shelter, and the stress to which dogs and cats are subjected. The immunization process through vaccines is an essential component in the prevention and health and welfare management program for these animals. This review aims to evaluate the guidelines on vaccination of dogs and cats in shelter environments, highlighting points of comparison with the Brazilian reality.(AU)

Os abrigos de animais são locais com um alto risco de exposição às doenças infecciosas devido à alta densidade, à dinâmica populacional do abrigo e ao estresse a que os cães e gatos estão submetidos. O processo de imunização por meio das vacinas é um componente essencial no programa de prevenção e gestão de saúde e bem-estar para esses animais. Esta revisão tem como objetivo revisar as diretrizes sobre a vacinação de cães e gatos em ambientes de abrigos, ressaltando pontos de comparação com a realidade brasileira.(AU)

Analysis of reported animal abuse in Campo Magro, Paraná, Brazil / Análise de denúncias de maus-tratos aos animais no município de Campo Magro, Paraná

Animal abuse is a criminal offense in Brazil and can be dealt with by several government agencies, including municipal ones. Cases of animal abuse reported to the Department of Health Surveillance, of the Municipal Health Secretariat of Campo Magro, Paraná, Brazil, between March of 2019 and December of 2020 were analyzed to assess the most common forms of abuse and animals involved. A total of 140 complaints were received in this period; 132 were investigated, of which 81 were considered authentic. The most common form of abuse was neglect 64.2% (52/81). Cases of neglect were further classified into four types (although cases may be classified with more than one type), resulting in 106 classifications of neglect. Behavioral neglect was the most common form of neglect 33.9% (36/106). As more than one animal could be involved in each report, the 81 authentic cases involved a total of 471 animals. Dogs were the species most commonly affected 78.5% (370/471). The vast majority of animal abuse was perpetrated against adult animals. Statistically significant correlations were found between the sex and age of dogs and abuse and between species and the different forms of abuse for dogs and cats.(AU)

Os maus-tratos aos animais são considerados crime no Brasil e o atendimento desse tipo de ocorrência pode ser realizado por diferentes órgãos governamentais, incluindo os municipais. O presente trabalho analisa denúncias atendidas pelo Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campo Magro, Paraná, Brasil, entre março de 2019 e dezembro de 2020 e avalia os tipos mais comuns de maus-tratos a animais e os animais envolvidos. Um total de 140 denúncias foram recebidas e 132 foram fiscalizadas, destas, 81 foram consideradas procedentes. A forma mais prevalente de maus-tratos foi a negligência com 64,2% (52/81). Os casos de negligência foram classificados em quatro diferentes tipos (cada caso pode ser classificado em mais de um tipo de negligência). O tipo mais frequente foi a negligência comportamental com 33,9% (36/106). Como mais de um animal podia estar envolvido em cada caso de maus-tratos, os 81 casos procedentes contabilizaram 471 animais envolvidos. A espécie canina foi a mais afetada, sendo 78,5% (370/471). A maior parte dos casos de maus-tratos foram cometidos contra animais adultos. Correlações estatísticas significativas foram encontradas entre o sexo e faixa etária dos cães em relação à ocorrência de maus-tratos e, também, entre a espécie e os diferentes tipos de maus-tratos para cães e gatos.(AU)

Uso de terapêutica homeopática em dermatites recorrentes na rotina clínica de animais de companhia: uma revisão / use of homeopathic therapeutics in recurrent dermatitis in the clinical routine of companion animals: a review

Na clínica veterinária as patologias chamadas afecções dermatológicas representam uma porcentagem significativa dos atendimentos, podendo ser de cunho multifatorial ou unifatorial como infecciosa, alérgena ou psicogênica e acometem felinos e caninos de todas as idades. Comumente os medicamentos homeopáticos são usados como último recurso após insucessos consecutivos com a utilização da terapia alopática. Desta forma, esse artigo visa trazer uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos científicos que confirmam a eficácia de terapêuticas que utilizam intervenções homeopáticas para o tratamento de dermatites em animais de companhia. Tem-se, portanto, o intuito de propiciar uma maior divulgação das possibilidades de ação/utilização da homeopatia pela comunidade médica veterinária, evitando-se com isso possíveis efeitos adversos devido à utilização de medicações alopáticas.

In the veterinary clinic, the pathologies called dermatological illnesses represent a significant percentage of the consultations, being of a multifactorial or unifactorial nature such as infectious, allergenic or psychogenic and affect felines and canines of all ages. Homeopathic medicines are commonly used as a last resort after consecutive failures with the use of alopathic therapy. Thus this article aims to bring a bibliographic review of scientific papers that confirm the efficacy of therapies that use homeopathic interventions for the treatment of dermatitis in company animals. Therefore it is intended to provide a greater dissemination of the possibilities of action/use of homeopathy by the veterinary medical community thereby avoiding possible adverse effects due to the use of alopathic medications.

Medicina Veterinaria Forense, Bienestar y Maltrato Animal: Percepciones y Conocimiento de Estudiantes de Medicina Veterinaria Colombianos y Brasileños.

Los médicos veterinarios juegan un papel fundamental en la detección de casos de maltrato animal y violencia doméstica. Por lo tanto, es esencial que las escuelas de medicina veterinaria brinden una formación adecuada en bienestar animal y medicina veterinaria forense. El objetivo del presente artículo es caracterizar la percepción y el conocimiento de los estudiantes de medicina veterinaria sobre la formación en medicina veterinaria forense, bienestar animal y la asociación entre maltrato animal y violencia humana. Un cuestionario online fue distribuido a los estudiantes de las 227 y 22 facultades de medicina veterinaria en Brasil y Colombia, respectivamente. Pruebas de chi-cuadrado fueron realizadas para comparar las respuestas de las variables categóricas entre los estudiantes de Brasil y Colombia. La mayoría de los estudiantes encuestados indicaron que su escuela ofrecía capacitación en bienestar animal. Sin embargo, solo el 21.8% (47/216) de los estudiantes colombianos y el 43.1% (216/523) de los brasileños mencionaron que su facultad ofrecía formación en medicina veterinaria forense. En ambos países fueron identificadas deficiencias en la capacitación sobre la identificación de traumas no accidentales, denuncia de maltrato animal y el conocimiento sobre la asociación entre maltrato animal y violencia interpersonal. A pesar de esto, más del 90% de los estudiantes relataron ser conscientes de la relación que existe entre estos dos crímenes y la importancia de recibir capacitación obligatoria sobre maltrato animal y medicina veterinaria forense. Adicionalmente, la mayoría de los encuestados reconocieron que el maltrato animal incluye tanto el abuso físico como el mental. Nuestros resultados destacan la necesidad de mejorar la educación en bienestar animal, maltrato animal, violencia humana y medicina veterinaria forense en las facultades de medicina veterinaria de Brasil y Colombia.

Caracterización del nivel ético profesional de estudiantes y docentes de la carrera de medicina veterinaria de la Universidad Santo Tomás, sede Puerto Montt, Chile / Characterization of the professional ethical level of students and teachers of the veterinary medicine career at the Santo Tomás University, Puerto Montt headquarters, Chile

RESUMEN El objetivo principal de este estudio fue caracterizar el nivel ético en estudiantes y docentes de la carrera de medicina veterinaria de la Universidad Santo Tomás, sede de Puerto Montt, Chile. Para esto, se aplicó una encuesta dilemática a 3 grupos de estudio conformados por estudiantes de primer y quinto año, además de docentes que imparten asignaturas de formación profesional de la sede Puerto Montt. La creación de la encuesta fue por medio de la contratación de especificaciones éticas de la carrera con los diles de juicio moral en Kohlberg. De los resultados obtenidos se pudo concluir que las especificaciones de la carrera de medicina veterinaria solo contemplan el 20% de 59 artículos estudiados del Código de Ética profesional. Además, es posible decir que los estudiantes de primero y quinto año, y los docentes no conocen a cabalidad los artículos del Código de Ética según la clasificación de la teoría de Kohlberg.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to characterize the ethical level in students and teachers of the veterinary medicine career of the Santo Tomás University, Puerto Montt headquarters, Chile. For this a dilemmatic survey was applied to 3 study groups, made up of students from the first and fifth years, in addition to teachers who teach professional training subjects at the Puerto Montt campus. The survey was created by contracting ethical specifications of the career with the moral judgment diles in Kohlberg. From the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the specifications of the veterinary medicine career only contemplate 20% of the 59 articles studied of the professional code of ethics. In addition, it was possible to say that the first and fifth year students, and teachers do not fully know the articles of the code of ethics according to the classification of Kohlberg's theory.

Covid-19: biossegurança e educação em saúde em estabelecimentos veterinários no município de Niterói, Rj, Brasil / Covid-19: biosafety and health education in veterinary establishments in the city of Niterói, Rj, Brazil / Covid-19: bioseguridad y educación en salud en establecimientos veterinarios en la ciudad de Niterói, Rj, Brasil

O Brasil passa atualmente por uma grave pandemia de uma doença viral emergente denominada Covid-19, a qual já levou ao óbito centenas de milhares de pessoas. Como medidas de controle da doença, vêm sendo implementadas ações de distanciamento social com o fechamento, total ou parcial, de diversas atividades econômicas não prioritárias. O setor veterinário se encontra entre os estabelecimentos não atingidos por essas medidas, devido à necessidade de atendimentos emergenciais para a saúde animal. O presente trabalho, de caráter observacional, seccional e descritivo, buscou descrever e avaliar o conhecimento dos médicos veterinários acerca da doença e seu potencial zoonótico, as medidas tomadas nos estabelecimentos veterinários visando prevenir a transmissão do vírus da Covid-19 para as pessoas e animais e as recomendações realizadas aos tutores de animais de companhia no município de Niterói. Os resultados indicaram que os médicos veterinários apresentaram dificuldade quanto ao reconhecimento da doença como uma zoonose, apesar de conhecerem os modos de transmissão e os animais afetados pela enfermidade, além disso, esses profissionais faziam recomendações aos tutores visando evitar a transmissão da doença. Os estabelecimentos veterinários pesquisados buscaram se adequar para o enfrentamento da epidemia, principalmente com medidas que não os impactassem do ponto de vista econômico.(AU)

Brazil is currently facing a severe pandemic caused by an emerging viral disease referred to as Covid-19, which has led to thousands of deaths. As a means to control the spread of the disease, total and partial social distancing initiatives have been implemented in several non-essential economic activities. Veterinary clinics and pet shops have not been affected by these measures due to the demand for emergency animal care. This work, as an observational, sectional and descriptive based effort, aimed at describing and evaluating the knowledge among veterinarians regarding the disease and its zoonotic potential, the measures adopted by the clinics to prevent Covid-19 transmission to people and animals, and the recommendations to pet tutors in the municipality of Niterói. According to the results, veterinarians presented difficulty in recognizing the disease as a zoonosis, despite being aware of its transmission methods and the animals it affected. These professionals also recommended certain actions to pet tutors to avoid the spread of the disease. The surveyed clinics sought to be prepared to face the epidemic, mainly through measures that would not cause them economic impact.(AU)

Brasil atraviesa actualmente una grave pandemia de una enfermedad viral emergente llamada Covid-19, que ya ha provocado la muerte de cientos de miles de personas. Como medidas de control de la enfermedad se han implementado acciones de distanciamiento social con el cierre, total o parcial, de varias actividades económicas no prioritarias. Entre los establecimientos no afectados por estas medidas se encuentran los del ramo veterinario, debido a la necesidad de cuidados urgentes a la salud animal. El presente trabajo, de carácter observacional, seccional y descriptivo, buscó describir y evaluar el conocimiento de los médicos veterinarios sobre la enfermedad y su potencial zoonótico, las medidas tomadas en los establecimientos veterinarios con el fin de prevenir la transmisión del virus de la Covid-19 a personas y animales, y las recomendaciones realizadas a los tutores de animales de compañía del municipio de Niterói. Los resultados mostraron que los veterinarios tenían dificultades para reconocer la enfermedad como una zoonosis, a pesar de conocer los modos de transmisión y los animales afectados por la enfermedad, además, los profesionales hacían recomendaciones a los tutores para evitar la transmisión de la enfermedad. Los establecimientos veterinarios investigados buscaron adaptarse para hacer frente a la epidemia, especialmente con medidas que no les afectaran mucho desde el punto de vista económico.(AU)

Percepciones sobre riesgos ocupacionales en el trabajo con animales y motivaciones de los estudiantes para ingresar a la carrera de veterinaria / Occupational risk perceptions in working with animals and motivations to study veterinary medicine in freshmen

Resumen Se desarrolló un estudio transversal en 130 ingresantes a la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral para describir las motivaciones para estudiar veterinaria y las percepciones sobre el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades profesionales y accidentes ocupacionales. El análisis estadístico incluyó χ2 y correlación de Spearman. La motivación por la medicina fue la más prevalente, registrándose un mayor interés por los bovinos, caninos, felinos y fauna silvestre. Los varones mostraron preferencia por los bovinos (P.= 0,005) y las mujeres por los caninos y felinos (P.˂ 0,001). La motivación por la actividad agropecuaria y los espacios abiertos no estuvieron significativamente asociadas (P.= 0,598). La primera estuvo relacionada con los bovinos (P.˂ 0,001), ovinos (P.= 0,003) y porcinos (P.= 0,050), mientras que los últimos sólo con la fauna silvestre (P.˂ 0,053). Las zoonosis más mencionadas fueron rabia, tuberculosis y brucelosis. Los estudiantes percibieron el riesgo de enfermedades como más alto en el trabajo con porcinos y bovinos, mientras que el de lesiones lo fue con equinos. Las respuestas "No sabe/no contesta" fueron frecuentes en el reconocimiento de algunas zoonosis y en las percepciones de riesgos de accidentes y enfermedades. Estos resultados reafirman la necesidad de un contacto precoz de los estudiantes de veterinaria con temas relacionados con la salud ocupacional.

Abstract A cross-sectional study was carried out in 130 freshmen at the School of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University to describe the motivations for studying veterinary medicine and their perceptions about the risk of suffering occupational diseases or occupational accidents. Statistical analysis included χ2 and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Motivations were high for medical sciences, bovines, canines, felines and wildlife. Males showed preference for bovines (P. = 0.005), while females preferred canines and felines (P.˂ 0.001). Interests in agricultural activity and open spaces were not significantly associated (P.= 0.598). The former was related to cattle (.˂ 0.001), sheep (P.= 0.003) and pigs (P.= 0.050), while the latter only to wildlife (P.˂ 0.053). The most mentioned zoonosis were rabies, tuberculosis and brucellosis. The perception of the risk of zoonotic diseases was higher in pigs and cattle, while that of lesions was higher in horses. The "Don't know / No response" answers were frequent in the recognition of some zoonoses and the perceptions of the risks of accidents and diseases. These results stress the need for early contact of veterinary students with issues related to occupational health.

Percepción universitaria sobre el cuidado responsable de animales de compañía en Costa Rica / College Student Perception on the Companion Animal Responsible Care in Costa Rica

Resumen El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el conocimiento que tienen los universitarios sobre el manejo responsable de mascotas en sus hogares. Se realizó un estudio transversal a la población universitaria, cuyo tamaño muestral fue estimado en 369 personas, aunque se encuestaron a 393 estudiantes. El 99 % de los sujetos reporto tener mascotas, y el perro fue el animal más común dentro de los hogares. El método de desparasitación más comúnmente utilizado fue el de uso interno 59,6 %. Las mascotas son desparasitadas más comúnmente cada 3 meses. Se encontró que es más probable que los hombres en posesión de una mascota la lleven al veterinario con respecto a las mujeres y el 65,3 % de los encuestados reporta que sus mascotas duermen dentro del hogar. Este es el primer estudio en Costa Rica que muestra la forma en que los poseedores de mascotas conviven y cuidan de ellas. La mayoría de los sujetos no conoce el desparasitante que aplica en sus mascotas. Es necesario reforzar la educación en los propietarios para que conozcan más sobre los productos que utilizan en sus mascotas y quién los está recomendando, así como las implicaciones de una correcta higiene en ellas.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the knowledge by college students on the responsible management of pets at home. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the college population with an estimated sample of 369 persons, even though 393 were surveyed. Out of them, 99% reported to have a pet and the dog was the most common in their homes. The home de-worming was the most commonly used method (59.6%) to that end. Pets are de-wormed quarterly in most cases. It was found that men are more likely to bring the pet to the doctor as compared to women and 65.3% of the surveyed sample states that their pets sleep inside the house. This is the first studied conducted in Costa Rica showing how pet owners live with and care them. Most of the subjects do not know the de-worming drug being administered to their pets. There is a need to strengthen the education among pet owners so that they got to know more about the products being used in their pets, who recommends the product, and the implications of the correct hygiene.

Veterinary Forensics, Animal Welfare and Animal Abuse: Perceptions and Knowledge of Brazilian and Colombian Veterinary Students.

Veterinarians have a fundamental role to play in the detection of animal abuse and domestic violence cases. Therefore, it is essential that veterinary colleges provide appropriate training in animal welfare and veterinary forensics. The aim of this article is to characterize the perception and knowledge of veterinary students about training in veterinary forensics, animal welfare and the association between animal abuse and human violence. An online survey was made available to veterinary students at 227 veterinary colleges in Brazil and 22 in Colombia. The Chi-square test of independence was performed to compare responses of Brazilian and Colombian students for categorical survey items. Most of the surveyed students indicated that their college offered animal welfare training. However, only 21.8% (47/216) of the Colombian and 43.1% (216/523) of the Brazilian students mentioned that their veterinary colleges offered veterinary forensics training. Deficits in training in identification of non-accidental traumas, reporting of animal abuse and awareness of the association between interpersonal violence and animal abuse were identified in both countries. Despite this, more than 90% of students were aware of the relationship between these two crimes and in the importance of receiving compulsory training in animal abuse and veterinary forensics. Likewise, most of the respondents recognized that animal abuse includes both physical and mental abuse. The results highlight the need to improve education in animal welfare, animal abuse, human violence and veterinary forensics in veterinary colleges in Brazil and Colombia.

Future strategies to improve short- and long-term outcomes of renal transplantation in dogs / Estratégias futuras para melhorar os resultados de transplante renal em cães a curto e longo prazo

ABSTRACT: Transplants for cats with naturally occurring renal disease have been introduced into clinical practice, but canine renal transplantation represents a greater challenge because of the lack of a balanced immunosuppressive protocol, difficulty in selecting compatible canine kidney donors, and absence of transplantation monitoring protocols. This and other important factors will be discussed in this review to help improve short- and long-term outcomes for renal transplantation in dogs.

RESUMO: O transplante renal em gatos com doença renal naturalmente adquirida está cada vez mais sendo introduzido na prática clínica. O transplante renal em cães, por sua vez, representa um desafio maior devido a falta da definição de um protocolo imunossupressor equilibrado, dificuldade na seleção de doadores compatíveis e ausência de protocolos de monitoramento de transplantes. Esses e outros fatores serão abordados nesta revisão afim de melhorar os resultados, tanto a curto quanto a longo prazo do transplante renal em cães.

The relationship between consumption of animal products and expenditure levels with Quality of Life Scores (SF-36) by veterinary students in Turkey / [A relação entre o consumo de produtos de origem animal e níveis de gasto com Scores de Qualidade de Vida (SF-36) por alunos de veterinária na Turquia]

The present study aimed to calculate the quality of life scores (Short Form-36) of veterinary students in Turkey and review their scores with regards to different socio-demographic characteristics. A total of 1211 students studying veterinary medicine in 26 different faculties in Turkey were selected by stratified sampling method and were asked questions concerning their consumption of and expenditures on foods of animal origin using the SF-36 questionnaire between October and December 2018. Significant differences were found between SF-36 components in terms of year level, gender, accommodation status, income level, and level of expenditures on foods and foods of animal origin (P<0.01). With the increase in the size of the budget set aside for animal products, the scores in the domains of physical functioning, vitality, mental health, pain, and general health perception also enhanced, and statistically significant differences were found (P<0.01). The low quality of life scores of the veterinary students can be improved by increasing their income level and consumption of foods of animal origin. This will ensure that they are energetic and have the desired level of mental and general health perceptions.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo calcular os escores de qualidade de vida (SF-36) de estudantes de veterinária na Turquia e revisar seus escores no que diz respeito a diferentes características sociodemográficas. Um total de 1211 estudantes de medicina veterinária em 26 faculdades diferentes na Turquia foram selecionados pelo método de amostragem estratificada e foram questionadas sobre o consumo e as despesas com alimentos de origem animal usando o questionário SF-36 entre outubro e dezembro de 2018. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre os participantes do SF-36 em termos de nível do ano, gênero, status de acomodação, nível de renda e nível de gastos com alimentos e alimentos de origem animal (P <0,01). Com o aumento do orçamento reservado para produtos de origem animal, as pontuações nos domínios de funcionamento físico, vitalidade, saúde mental, dor e percepção geral de saúde também aumentaram e foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (P <0,01). Os baixos índices de qualidade de vida dos veterinários podem ser melhorados, aumentando o nível de renda e o consumo de alimentos de origem animal. Isso garantirá mais energia e que tenham o nível desejado de percepção mental e geral de saúde.(AU)

El programa de tutorias: canal de acompañamiento a las trayectorias educativas en medicina veterinaria / Tutorship programs: a way of accompanying educational trajectories in Veterinary Medicine

Resumen El propósito del presente trabajo es socializar el impacto del Programa de Tutorías en la trayectoria educativa de los ingresantes a la carrera de medicina veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral. El Programa de tutorías data del año 2010 cuando mediante el plan de mejoramiento de la carrera se instaura la necesidad de iniciar una labor de acompañamiento dirigida a los estudiantes ingresantes. Dicho programa se lleva a cabo mediante la labor profesional realizada desde la cátedra de Introducción a la Veterinaria, el Director de carrera y el Servicio de Orientación Educativa (S.O.E) de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias siendo los co-responsables de dicha ejecución. El desafío constante del programa es responder a la construcción continua de alternativas que permitan a los estudiantes apropiarse de las habilidades necesarias para alcanzar el éxito académico. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados se observa que el Programa de Tutorías es recomendado por el 98% de los tutorados, debido a que el mismo es favorecedor de los procesos de afiliación universitaria. La novedad del programa es que se lleva a cabo por estudiantes avanzados, quienes luego de un proceso de selección y capacitación realizan la tarea orientativa.

Abstract The purpose of this work is to socialize the impact of the Mentoring Program in the educational path of the entrants to the veterinary medicine career at the National University of the Coast. The Mentoring Program dates back to 2010 when, through the career improvement plan, the need to start an accompaniment work aimed at incoming students was established. This program is carried out through the professional work carried out by the Chair of Introduction to Veterinary Medicine, the Career Director and the Educational Guidance Service (S.O.E) of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, being the co-responsible for said execution. The constant challenge of the program is to respond to the continuous construction of alternatives that allow students to appropriate the necessary skills to achieve academic success. Taking into account the results, it can be seen that the Tutoring Program is recommended by 98% of the tutors, because it is favorable to the university affiliation processes. The novelty of the program is that it is carried out by advanced students, who after a selection and training process carry out the orientation task.

[Thermographic monitoring of skin surface temperature associated with hot-iron disbudding in calves]. / Einsatz der Thermographie zum Monitoring der operationsbedingten Hitzeentwicklung während der thermischen Enthornung von Kälbern.

INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to determine the skin surface temperatures of the head using thermography in 28 German Holstein heifer calves at the time of hot iron disbudding. Calves were divided into group 1 (hot-iron disbudding, n = 14) and 2 (sham disbudding, n = 14). Thermographic measurements were made at eight locations of the head (area surrounding both horn buds, both horn buds, muzzle, mucous membranes of the muzzle, both eyes) at nine time points (- 60 min (basal value), time of disbudding, 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 and 480 min after disbudding) using a high-end thermographic camera (ThermoPro TP8, Firma DIAS Infrared GmbH). The rectal temperature was measured 60 min before and 5, 240 and 480 min after disbudding. The statistical software SAS version 9.4 was used for analysis. Skin surface temperatures and rectal temperature correlated at several locations (rp ≥ 0.45; p ≤ 0.05). The maximum temperature (approx. 67 ºC) was measured at the horn buds immediately after the hot-iron procedure. By five and 30 min after hot-iron disbudding, the temperature of the horn buds had decreased by up to 50%, whereas the temperatures at the other locations had increased significantly (p.

INTRODUCTION: Le but de cette étude était de montrer les températures de surface dans la zone de tête chez 28 veaux femelles Holstein allemandes autour de la période d'écornage en utilisant la thermographie. À cette fin, les animaux étudiés ont été divisés en deux groupes (1: écornage thermique (thermE), N = 14; 2: pseudo-écornage (ScheinE), N = 14). À neuf reprises (- 60 [valeur au repos], 0, 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, 480 min) des mesures thermographiques ont été effectuées à huit endroits dans la zone de la tête (environs du bourgeon de corne gauche (UliHa), bourgeon de corne gauche (liHa), œil gauche (liAu), mufle (FM), muqueuse nasale (SHFM), œil droit (reAu), bourgeon de corne droite (reHa), environs du bourgeon de corne droit (UreHa)). Ces mesures ont été réalisés à l'aide d'une caméra d'imagerie thermique haut de gamme (ThermoPro TP8, société DIAS Infrared GmbH). De plus, la température interne du corps (ICT) a été enregistrée par voie rectale aux minutes - 60, 5, 240 et 480. L'évaluation statistique de chaque caractéristique a été effectuée avec SAS, version 9.4. À plusieurs endroits (reAu, liAu, SHFM, liHa), une relation entre les ICT mesurées par voie rectale et les températures de surface déterminées par thermographie a pu être démontrée (rp ≥ 0,45; p ≤ 0,05). La température maximale (env. 67 °C) a pu être constatée au niveau des bourgeons de corne directement après l'écornage thermique. Cinq et 30 minutes après l'intervention, la température au niveau des bourgeons de corne avait diminué jusqu'à 50%, tandis que les températures de surface des autres emplacements chez les veaux des deux groupes avaient augmenté par rapport à la valeur au repos (p.

[Nizeivels Miez da Madaschinnas per la Bieschco d'Armontif et porcs: A manuscript from 1748 on veterinary medicine]. / Nizeivels Miez da Madaschinnas per la Bieschco d'Armontif et porcs: Eine tierheilkundliche Schrift aus dem Jahr 1748.

INTRODUCTION: A manuscript from 1748 in Rhaeto-Romanic language is discussed. It's an unfinished translation of a publication in German language from 1715 which contains elements from the standard work on household and agriculture by Johannes Coler, 1645. By comparing the manuscript with 15 contemporary publications and manuscripts from Switzerland, textual similarities were found in three publications. The manuscript contains 62 therapy instructions for cattle diseases and 7 for pig diseases. Remedies of plant origin, food of animal origin and faeces are applied. Various interventions lead to painful injuries of the animals. Most therapies have to be considered as irrational.

INTRODUCTION: On présente un manuscrit en langue romanche datant de l'année 1748. Il s'agit d'une traduction inachevée d'une publication en allemand de 1715. Il contient des éléments de l'ouvrage standard de Johannes Coler, 1645, consacré à la gestion du ménage et à l'agriculture. Une comparaison avec 15 publications et manuscrits contemporains de Suisse montre dans trois publications des similitudes textuelles. Le texte contient 62 instructions thérapeutiques pour les maladies des bovins et sept pour les maladies des porcs. Des remèdes d'origine végétale, des aliments d'origine animale et des matières fécales sont utilisés. Diverses procédures entraînent des blessures douloureuses chez les animaux et de nombreux traitements doivent être décrits comme irrationnels.

Avaliação do ganho peso e das afecções odontológicas dos cavalos da Fazenda São Joaquim submetidos à odontoplastia / Evaluation of weight gain and dental conditions of horses from Fazenda São Joaquim submitted to odontoplasty

Introdução: Os equinos são considerados animais herbívoros, com hábitos de pastejo, possuem dentição com crescimento contínuo ao decorrer de sua vida, devido as grandes alterações climáticas sua alimentação sofreu importantes alterações, o cavalo que antes se alimentava de folhas e brotos tenros, passou a ter acesso a uma alimentação mais abrasiva e fibrosa, o que levou os equinos à um desgaste dentário natural. Ao longo dos anos, com a domesticação da espécie, sua alimentação e formade vida sofreram bruscas alterações, logo vieram a ter importantes afecções dentárias devido à chamada “má oclusão”, que ocorre pelos incorretos movimentos mastigatórios. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o ganho de peso dos equinos da fazenda São Joaquim após serem submetidos à odontoplastia e averiguar a frequência das principais afecções dentárias. Métodos: Após sedação, foi realizada a odontoplastia em 41 cavalos pertencentes à fazenda São Joaquim, Instituto Butantan, que atualmente possui um plantel de 845 cavalos, o peso dos equinos avaliados foi aferido em dois momentos, previamente a odontoplastia e três meses após o tratamento odontológico.. Resultados e discussões: A grande maioria dos equinos obteve ganho de peso positivo, todos obtiveram resultados semelhantes, em relação às afecções dentárias foi observado que 100% dos cavalos apresentavam algum tipo de alteração, sendo a ponta excessiva de esmalte dentário PEED uma alteração presente em todos animais, considerada a principal alteração dentária adquirida. Conclusões: As afecções odontológicas encontradas foram coerentes com os dados presentes na literatura atual. Apesar dos 41 cavalos avaliados terem ganhado peso não foi possível declarar com segurança que a odontoplastia foi o fator determinante para tal feito, pois para tal afirmação é necessário a análise e comparação de um grupo controle.